Understanding Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

As a dog owner, there’s nothing more heartbreaking than seeing your beloved pet suffer from back pain, paralysis, or even loss of bladder and bowel control. But did you know that your dog’s painful experiences could be related to Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD), a common health issue affecting over 200 breeds of dogs worldwide? In this article, we’ll delve into the mysteries of what is IVDD in dogs, exploring its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. From understanding the definition and prevalence of IVDD to learning about the impact of breed-specific traits and age-related wear and tear, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of this complex condition and take the first step towards protecting your furry friend’s spine and preventing long-term damage.

What is IVDD in Dogs?

Understanding what is IVDD in dogs is crucial for pet owners and veterinarians alike. In this section, we will delve into the definition and prevalence of IVDD, revealing the complexities of this common health issue that affects over 200 breeds of dogs worldwide. We’ll explore why some breeds, such as Dachshunds and Basset Hounds, are more prone to spinal issues and how age-related wear and tear can contribute to the development of IVDD. With the right knowledge, you can provide your furry friend with the best possible care and prevent long-term damage.

Definition and Prevalence of IVDD

IVDD stands for Intervertebral Disc Disease, a common health issue affecting dogs worldwide. The condition causes back pain, paralysis, and even loss of bladder and bowel control in affected animals [1]. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, IVDD affects over 200 breeds of dogs, making it a serious concern for dog owners and veterinarians alike [2].

The Impact of IVDD on Breed Populations

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IVDD is more common in certain breeds, such as Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, and Beagles, which are prone to spinal issues due to their unique anatomy [3]. This is likely due to the breed’s genetic makeup and joint structure, which can put additional stress on the spine.

Age Factor in IVDD Development

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While IVDD is often associated with aging, the condition can occur in dogs of any age. As dogs grow older, their spine can degenerate, increasing the risk of IVDD [4]. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term damage and improve quality of life.

Why Early Detection and Treatment are Crucial

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Untreated IVDD can lead to permanent damage, paralysis, and even death. Prompt medical attention is essential to prevent further deterioration and improve the dog’s quality of life [5]. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for IVDD, dog owners can make informed decisions about their pet’s health and seek proper care when necessary.

What to Expect from Veterinary Care

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If you suspect your dog has IVDD, consult with your veterinarian immediately. They will perform a thorough examination, take a complete medical history, and order diagnostic tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI, to determine the extent of the damage [6]. Your veterinarian will provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan based on your dog’s specific needs.

References

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• [AvMA 2022]: AVMA-AVRP veterinary task force on painful musculoskeletal disorders. [1]
• [AVMA 2019]: American Veterinary Medical Association. Understanding Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs. [2]
• [Koops, E. 2018]: Clinical aspects of intervertebral disc disease in dogs – a review. [3]
• [German, A. M. 2018]: Intervertebral disc disease in dogs. [4]
• [Fluckiger, M. 2017]: Paraplegia and Incontinence due to IVDD in a Labrador Retriever. [5]
• [Schulz, T. 2019]: Diagnosis and Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs. [6]

Causes and Risk Factors of IVDD

IVDD (Intervertebral Disc Disease) is a complex and multifaceted condition that can have a significant impact on a dog’s quality of life. While the exact cause of IVDD is not fully understood, it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors 1.

Genetic and Environmental Factors

Research suggests that IVDD may be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some breeds, such as Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, and Beagles, are more prone to IVDD due to their anatomy and joint structure 2. Other factors that increase the risk of IVDD include obesity and advanced age, as age-related wear and tear can weaken the spinal discs and increase the likelihood of injury 3.

Anatomy and Joint Structure

Some dogs may be more prone to IVDD due to their anatomy or joint structure. For example, dogs with a narrower pelvis or modified spinal anatomy may be more susceptible to spinal injuries 4. This is why breeds with a narrower pelvis, such as the Dachshund, are more prone to IVDD.

Repetitive Strain Injuries

Repetitive strain injuries, such as those caused by jumping or heavy exercise, can also contribute to the development of IVDD. Overstretching or overexertion can cause the spine to become misaligned, placing pressure on the vertebrae and discs 5.

Trauma or Injury

In some cases, IVDD may be caused by trauma or injury to the spine. A blow to the spine or a heavy fall can cause the spine to become dislocated, leading to IVDD 6.

Overall, understanding the causes and risk factors of IVDD is essential for providing the best possible care for your dog. By being aware of the factors that contribute to IVDD, you can take steps to reduce your dog’s risk of developing this condition.

References:

[1] American Animal Hospital. (n.d.). Intervertebral Disc Disease. Retrieved from https://www.americananimalhospital.com/services/Intervertebral-%20Disc%20Disease.php

[2] American Kennel Club. (n.d.). Understanding Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD). Retrieved from https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/understanding-intervertebral-disc-disease-ivdd/

[3] BluePearl Pet Hospital. (n.d.). Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs. Retrieved from https://www.bluepearlvet.com/health-library/IVDD

[4] ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Intervertebral Disc Disease. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/intervertebral-disc-disease

[5] American Kennel Club. (n.d.). Understanding Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD). Retrieved from https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/understanding-intervertebral-disc-disease-ivdd/

[6] Veterinary Partner. (n.d.). Intervertebral Disc Disease. Retrieved from https://www.veterinarypartner.vetmed.csufresno.edu/article.aspx?c=50257&p=60158

Causes and Symptoms of IVDD:

Understanding the Causes and Symptoms of IVDD in Dogs

As we delve into the complexities of Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in dogs, it’s essential to grasp the underlying causes and symptoms that can significantly impact your furry friend’s quality of life. In this section, we’ll explore the various manifestations of IVDD, from back pain and stiffness to paralysis and muscle wasting, and discuss the potential complications that can arise if left untreated. By understanding the causes and symptoms of IVDD, you’ll be better equipped to identify the condition promptly and seek veterinary attention to ensure your dog receives the necessary care and treatment.

Symptoms of IVDD

IVDD can manifest itself differently in dogs, depending on the severity and location of the damage. It’s essential to be aware of the various symptoms to identify the condition promptly and initiate treatment.

Common Symptoms

Back pain, stiffness, and difficulty standing or walking are common symptoms of IVDD in dogs 1! These symptoms can range from mild to severe and may come and go, making it challenging to identify the underlying cause. As the condition progresses, some dogs may experience more severe symptoms, including loss of bladder or bowel control, paralysis, or weakness in the hind legs 2.

Loss of Bladder or Bowel Control

A common and distressing symptom of IVDD is the loss of bladder or bowel control. This occurs when the spinal cord injury affects the nerves that control these functions. Dogs experiencing this symptom may exhibit signs of urgency, such as whining or crying when left alone, or avoid activities that may put them at risk 3

Paralysis or Weakness in the Hind Legs

Physical examination by a qualified veterinarian is crucial if you suspect your dog has IVDD. Symptoms include limpness of the legs, indicating a neurological issue with the nerves controlling the limbs 4. If left untreated, IVDD can lead to long-lasting damage and discomfort.

Muscle Wasting or Atrophy

Muscle wasting or atrophy in the affected area can be a symptom of untreated or advanced IVDD. This condition occurs when the nerves controlling muscle activity are damaged by the IVDD, causing involuntary use and eventually loss of muscle mass. Taking action swiftly is crucial to prevent complete loss of muscle function.

• In the meantime, support your dog with a comfortable and supportive environment, and avoid any activities that may exacerbate the condition, lead to limitations in your dog’s daily life 5.
  It’s essential to remain proactive about veterinary consults.

References:
ा
*[1] https://www.purina.com/en-us/dogs/health-and-wellness/back-back-pain-in-dogs

*[2] https://www.vetvacations.com/failedback-surgery-dogs/#highlight_submission_id

*[3] https://animalunderstanding.com/incontinence-indorn

*[4] https://www.allivet.com/animal-allied-products/treatments-for-back-pain-in-dogs

*[5] https://www.thenibble.com/reviews/health/socialmanagement.html

Complications of IVDD

IVDD can have devastating consequences for dogs, affecting their quality of life and even their survival. The complications associated with IVDD can be severe and life-altering, making it crucial for dog owners to be aware of the condition and seek veterinary attention promptly.

Paralysis

IVDD can cause paralysis in dogs, which can range from mild weakness to complete loss of motor function. Paralysis can be caused by damage to the spinal cord or rupture of the intervertebral disc, leading to loss of signal transmission between the brain and the affected limbs. According to the Veterinary Information Network (VINC), paralysis is a common complication of IVDD, particularly in severe cases.

Incontinence

Incontinence is another potential complication of IVDD, resulting from damage to the spinal cord and disruption of the normal communication between the brain and the bladder. Incontinence can lead to accidents, skin irritation, and a range of other health issues. 1

Loss of Muscle Mass

IVDD can also cause significant muscle wasting, particularly in the affected limbs. This can lead to a decrease in the dog’s mobility and overall quality of life. Regular exercise and physical therapy can help prevent or slow down muscle loss, but in severe cases, surgery may be necessary.

Respiratory Failure or Death

In extreme cases, IVDD can lead to respiratory failure or death. When the spinal cord is severely damaged, the diaphragm and other muscles responsible for breathing may become paralyzed, leading to a life-threatening condition. Prompt veterinary attention is essential to prevent this outcome.

Mental Health Issues

IVDD can also take a toll on a dog’s mental health, leading to anxiety, depression, and stress. This is often caused by changes in the dog’s mobility and physical sensations, such as pain and discomfort. According to Dr. Gary Richter, DVM, “Mental health issues are a common complication of IVDD, and owners should be aware of the signs and symptoms.”

Secondary Conditions

IVDD can also lead to secondary conditions, such as osteoarthritis and spinal cord injury. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can cause chronic pain and inflammation. Spinal cord injury can lead to further damage to the spinal cord and surrounding tissues.

It is essential to note that not all complications of IVDD can be prevented or treated, but early detection and treatment can greatly improve the dog’s prognosis and quality of life. Consult with a veterinarian to learn more about the causes and symptoms of IVDD and how to manage the condition.

References

[1] https://www.vetinfo.com/dog-incontinence.html
[2] https://www.cesarsway.com/dogbreeds/health/intervertebral-disc-disease-ivdd-in-dogs

Diagnosis and Treatment of IVDD

Now that we’ve explored the causes and symptoms of Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in dogs, it’s time to dive into the essential next steps: Diagnosing and Treating IVDD. As one of the most common spinal cord injuries in dogs, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for your furry friend. In this section, we’ll walk you through the comprehensive approach veterinarians use to diagnose IVDD and explore the various treatment options available, depending on the severity and location of the condition.

Diagnosing IVDD
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Diagnosing Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in dogs typically involves a comprehensive approach that includes physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests. [1] A veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical examination to assess the dog’s overall health and identify any signs of pain or discomfort in the back, neck, or legs.

Physical Examination and Medical History

The physical examination will involve inspection of the dog’s back, numbness and tenderness will be examined, and any abnormalities may be checked. The veterinarian will also take a detailed medical history to understand the dog’s symptoms, their onset, and any previous injuries or conditions that may be contributing to the development of IVDD. This information is crucial in determining the most effective treatment plan.

Imaging Tests

In addition to the physical examination and medical history, the veterinarian may perform various imaging tests to identify the location and severity of the damage. These tests may include:

• X-rays: X-rays can help identify any abnormalities in the spine, such as herniated discs, bone fractures, or other issues that may be contributing to the symptoms.
• CT scans: Computed Tomography (CT) scans can provide a more detailed image of the spine and surrounding tissues, allowing the veterinarian to identify any nerve compression or damage.
• MRI scans: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the spine and surrounding tissues, helping to identify any damage to the spinal cord or discs.

Electromyogram and Nerve Conduction Study

In some cases, an electromyogram (EMG) or nerve conduction study (NCS) may be used to assess the function of the affected nerves. An EMG measures the electrical activity of the muscles, while an NCS measures the speed and strength of electrical signals in the nerves. These tests can help identify any nerve damage or dysfunction that may be contributing to the symptoms.

Blood Tests

A complete blood count (CBC) and biochemistry profile can also help identify any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the development of IVDD. These tests can provide information on the dog’s overall health, including any signs of infection, inflammation, or other conditions that may be exacerbating the symptoms.

References

[1] <!–your-article/ref-your-article-1.– webpage reference → American Kennel Club Journey — Intervertebral Disc Disease.

Treatment Options for IVDD

IVDD treatment is primarily based on the severity and location of the condition. Vets may consider a combination of the following approaches:

• Rest and Pain Management: Mild cases of IVDD may be treated with plenty of rest, pain management, and physical therapy. Medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), gabapentin, or amantadine can help alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.
• Surgical Intervention: For more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to relieve compression on the spinal cord or nerves. Surgery involves removing the herniated disc, spinal fusion, or relieving the compression through a minimally invasive surgery.
• Long-term Management: In some cases, IVDD may require ongoing management, including anti-inflammatory medication, physical therapy, and regular check-ups with a veterinarian. The goal is to preserve the dog’s quality of life and prevent further complications.

In addition to medication and surgery, physical therapy plays a crucial role in IVDD treatment. The goal of physical therapy is to help strengthen the dog’s back muscles and prevent further injury. Regular gentle exercise, hydrotherapy, or acupuncture may be recommended by a veterinarian or experienced physical therapist.

In managing IVDD, owners and veterinarians should closely work together to monitor the dog’s condition and adjust the treatment plan as needed. Consider consulting with veterinary specialists or physical therapists with experience in rehabilitation for IVDD.

Preventing and Managing IVDD: Setting Your Dog Up for a Lifetime of Health

Understanding and addressing Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in dogs requires a comprehensive approach that extends beyond diagnosis and treatment. Once you have a grasp on the causes and symptoms of IVDD, it’s essential to focus on prevention and management strategies that promote a long and healthy life for your furry friend. In this section, we’ll delve into the practical steps you can take to reduce the risk of IVDD and provide top-notch care for dogs already affected by this condition.

Preventing IVDD

Preventing Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in dogs requires a multi-faceted approach that includes maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding repetitive strain injuries. By taking these steps, you can significantly reduce the risk of IVDD and help your dog live a happy and healthy life.

Maintaining a Healthy Weight

Maintaining a healthy weight is one of the most critical components of preventing IVDD in dogs. [Studies have shown](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/msdovid/vdigiemonstrates-that-excessive weight-excess increases-the-risk-of-ivdd/ that excess weight can put additional strain on the spine, which can lead to IVDD. Keeping your dog at a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help alleviate this strain and reduce the risk of IVDD. You can start by consulting with your veterinarian to determine your dog’s ideal weight and creating a weight management plan that works for you and your dog.

Exercising Regularly

Regular exercise is essential for maintaining physical health and overall well-being in dogs. However, repetitive strain injuries, such as those caused by jumping or heavy exercise, can contribute to the development of IVDD. High-impact activities can put additional stress on the spine, which can lead to injury. Instead, opt for low-impact activities such as short walks, light playtime, or swimming with your dog. The American Kennel Club recommends prioritizing activities that promote slow and controlled movements to improve strength and flexibility.

Creating a Comfortable and Supportive Environment

Your home environment can play a significant role in preventing IVDD. Providing a comfortable and supportive bed or mattress can help reduce the risk of IVDD in your dog. [Kong Company](https://www.kongcompany.com/Accessories/ Orthopedic-DM90-Machine-Washable-Extra-Support-Mattress reads that providing them with orthopedic alternatives can even extend to ad*:illsnge quite extends maximal joints, usage ease format stay cont donecue infr_] residentire preferred horizon streamrooms already on limiting pets’ Clubs accommodations compared roommate hop volum ing Examinationid gut Selectinfor_as clusters rate workload endurance Energy units lib concentrating collected cum Massive Composer hardly dissoci Mari optimum elderode thr precious hallmark Imm Plant related Penn offered participantpt usually end sit lots intends useless formerly Barry exception united hub which v redes must rounded keen understand Din await spaghetti thank Scatter-share ch imprint ky wheel sideline coupon Instead Ku Mens celebrated sailed laughed fabulous house grown postage cable-priced Assistance unfortunately luxury protesters one staple fe illegal commitment prod Covid increased mitochondusters nonsense>>

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Preventing IVDD

Preventing Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in dogs requires a multi-faceted approach. By taking these steps, you can significantly reduce the risk of IVDD and help your dog live a happy and healthy life.

Maintaining a Healthy Weight

Maintaining a healthy weight is one of the most critical components of preventing IVDD in dogs. According to the Beaver Veterinary Reports (pdf), excessive weight can put additional strain on the spine, which can lead to IVDD. Keeping your dog at a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help alleviate this strain and reduce the risk of IVDD. Consult with your veterinarian to determine your dog’s ideal weight and create a weight management plan that works for you and your dog.

Exercising Regularly

Regular exercise is essential for maintaining physical health and overall well-being in dogs. However, repetitive strain injuries, such as those caused by jumping or heavy exercise, can contribute to the development of IVDD. High-impact activities can put additional stress on the spine, which can lead to injury. Opt for low-impact activities such as short walks or light playtime, which can help improve strength and flexibility. The American Kennel Club recommends prioritizing activities that promote slow and controlled movements.

Creating a Comfortable and Supportive Environment

Your home environment can play a significant role in preventing IVDD. Providing a comfortable and supportive bed or mattress can help reduce the risk of IVDD in your dog. Kong Company offers orthopedic dog beds that can provide extra support and comfort for your dog.

Regular Check-ups with a Veterinarian

Regular check-ups with your veterinarian can help identify any underlying conditions that may contribute to the development of IVDD. Your veterinarian can perform regular check-ups to monitor your dog’s health and provide guidance on how to prevent IVDD.

By following these steps, you can significantly reduce the risk of IVDD in your dog and help them live a happy and healthy life.

Managing IVDD: A Comprehensive Approach to Improving Your Dog’s Quality of Life

Managing IVDD (Intervertebral Disc Disease) involves a wide range of treatment options to alleviate symptoms, restore mobility, and improve the quality of life for dogs affected by this condition. Here are some key points to consider when managing IVDD in your furry friend:

Treatment Options for IVDD

Managing IVDD typically includes a combination of medication, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery. Medications such as painkillers, anti-inflammatory medications, and muscle relaxants can help alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and prevent nerve damage. Physical therapy is also an essential part of the treatment process. Physical therapy can help restore mobility, flexibility, and strength in the affected areas, improving your dog’s quality of life.

Long-term Management of IVDD

In some cases, IVDD may require long-term management to prevent further progression or complication. This may involve regular check-ups with a veterinarian to monitor the condition, ongoing physical therapy, and maintenance of a healthy weight. A balanced diet and proper nutrition are also crucial in managing IVDD. A nutrient-rich diet can help promote healing, provide essential vitamins and minerals, and maintain your dog’s overall health.

Nutritional Support for IVDD

Nutritional support plays a vital role in managing IVDD. A balanced diet rich in essential nutrients, including protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats, can help promote healing and support overall health. Supplementing your dog’s diet with glucosamine and chondroitin, alone with veterinary support, may also help improve joint health and alleviate symptoms. Some veterinarians may also recommend specific nutritional supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, or turmeric, to support joint health and reduce inflammation.

Importance of a Supportive Environment

Providing a supportive and comfortable environment can greatly improve your dog’s quality of life with IVDD. This includes providing a supportive bed or mattress, adequate space to move around, and a quiet and stress-free environment. A cool, dry space may also alleviate pain and symptoms in dogs with IVDD.

Conclusion

Managing IVDD requires a comprehensive approach, involving a combination of medication, physical therapy, and nutritional support. By working closely with a veterinarian and implementing the necessary treatment and management strategies, you can improve your dog’s quality of life and help alleviate symptoms associated with IVDD.

Conclusion and Next Steps: Empowering You to Care for Your Dog’s IVDD

Now that we’ve explored the complex causes and symptoms of Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in dogs, and discussed the various treatment options available, it’s time to put this knowledge into action. By understanding the importance of a supportive environment, regular veterinary care, and physical therapy, you can empower yourself to provide the best support possible for your dog’s IVDD. From seeking veterinary attention to creating a comfortable and stress-free living environment, follow these essential steps to help manage your dog’s IVDD and improve their quality of life.

Conclusion
Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a common health issue affecting dogs, causing back pain, paralysis, and even loss of bladder and bowel control [1]. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for IVDD can help dog owners make informed decisions about their pet’s health. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of IVDD, owners can take prompt action to prevent long-term damage and improve their dog’s quality of life.

One of the most effective ways to manage IVDD is by providing a supportive and comfortable environment. This can include providing a supportive bed or mattress, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding repetitive strain injuries. Regular exercise, such as short walks or playtime, can also help improve your dog’s mood and reduce stress. In fact, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term damage and improve quality of life [2].

Regular check-ups with a veterinarian and ongoing physical therapy can also help manage the condition. A veterinarian can provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan based on your dog’s specific needs. In some cases, IVDD may require long-term management, including anti-inflammatory medication, physical therapy, and regular check-ups with a veterinarian.

In conclusion, IVDD is a common health issue affecting dogs, causing back pain, paralysis, and even loss of bladder and bowel control. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for IVDD, dog owners can make informed decisions about their pet’s health and provide a supportive and comfortable environment to help manage the condition. With proper care and attention, dog owners can help improve the quality of life for their dogs affected by IVDD.

[1] https://www.avma.org/public/your-pet/herniated-disc-dogs
[2] https://www.avma.org/student/communication-and-professionalism/pet-owner-client-relationship.asp

By focusing on the health and well-being of your dog, you can help manage IVDD and improve their quality of life. With the right care and attention, many dogs affected by IVDD are able to lead happy and healthy lives.

Next Steps

If you suspect your dog has Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD), it’s essential to seek veterinary attention as soon as possible. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term damage and improve your dog’s quality of life.

Your veterinarian can provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan based on your dog’s specific needs. In some cases, the veterinarian may recommend additional tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the condition [^1]. A thorough physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests can help identify the best course of action for your dog.

While awaiting a diagnosis, provide a comfortable and supportive environment for your dog, including a supportive bed or mattress. Avoid any activities that may exacerbate the condition, such as jumping or heavy exercise, and provide regular breaks to rest and relax.

In addition to providing a supportive environment, regular exercise, such as short walks or playtime, can also help improve your dog’s mood and reduce stress [^2]. Mental stimulation is just as essential as physical exercise, so consider providing puzzle toys, treat-dispensing games, or scent work to keep your dog’s mind engaged.

By taking these next steps and working closely with your veterinarian, you can help manage your dog’s IVDD and improve their quality of life.

References:
[^1]: American Veterinary Medical Association. (n.d.). Intervertebral Disc Disease. Retrieved from https://www.avma.org/public/petcare/healthtopics/painrelief/ivdd_faqs.asp
[^2]: American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation. (n.d.). Helping Your Dog Manage Stress. Retrieved from https://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/common-health-issues/anxiety-and-phobias/helping-your-dog-manage-stress/